Write a few lines to show what you know about:➢ kulaks➢ the Du... - India And The Contemporary World – I

Kulaks
Kulaks were the well-to-do peasants in Russia. Stalin believed they were hoarding grain to sell at higher prices, causing food shortages. During the collectivisation programme, the government raided Kulaks, seized their land, and they were eventually eliminated as a class.

The Duma
The Duma was the elected consultative parliament in Russia created by the Tsar during the 1905 Revolution. However, the Tsar dismissed the first two Dumas quickly and packed the third with conservatives to retain his power.

Women workers between 1900 and 1930
Women made up 31% of the factory labour force by 1914 but were paid less than men (between half and three-quarters of a man's wage). Despite this, they were active participants in strikes and played a leading role in the February Revolution.

The Liberals
The Liberals were a group in Russia that wanted a nation which tolerated all religions. They opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers and argued for a representative, elected parliamentary government and an independent judiciary. However, they were not democrats as they did not believe in universal adult franchise (voting rights for all).

Stalin’s collectivisation programme
Introduced by Stalin in 1929 to solve the grain crisis, this programme forced all peasants to cultivate in collective farms called kolkhoz. The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms. Peasants resisted this, and those who opposed it were severely punished or deported.